Prepregnancy Obesity and Breastfeeding in the First Month of Life: A Birth Cohort.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between prepregnancy obesity and disruption of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) within the first month of life. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted among Brazilian mothers and their babies born between February and December 2017. Research was conducted in all maternity hospitals in Vitória da Conquista, Brazil. Data collection started in the maternity hospitals of the city and, subsequently, an interview was conducted during a home visit on the 30th day of the child's life. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and a log rank test was applied to compare the curves. The association between independent variables and the response variable was assessed using Cox regression, following the conceptual model created for the study. Results: The study analyzed 329 pairs of mothers and babies. The prevalence of prepregnancy obesity was 12%. The prevalence of EBF disruption in the first month of life was 41.1% in nonobese mothers (confidence interval [95% CI]: 35.3-46.9) and 52.6% in obese mothers (95% CI: 36.3-68.4), with a shorter survival time among mothers with prepregnancy obesity (log rank p < 0.05). The risk of EBF disruption in the first month of life was 83% higher among mothers with prepregnancy obesity, after adjusting for confounding variables-demographic, socioeconomic, prenatal maternal data, and childbirth variables (hazard ratio = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.08-3.11). Conclusions: We observed an association between pregestational obesity and disruption of EBF in the first month of life. This finding reinforces the need for a thorough professional approach to the practice of breastfeeding in this population in the prenatal period as well as early puerperium.

Time trends of physical activity for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population: results from Vigitel, 2010-2019.

This time-series study examined a 10-year historical series of the physical activity prevalence for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population. Information from 512,969 adults interviewed from the Vigitel between 2010 and 2019 was analyzed. Individuals who reported practicing at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity physical activity were considered active during leisure time. Individuals who reported walking or cycling to/from work, course, or school at least 30 minutes/day, equivalent to at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity, were considered active during transportation. The prevalence of physical activity for leisure and transportation was calculated annually and stratified by sex, age group, schooling, and race/skin color. The segmented regression model was applied to analyze the time series. Annual percent change and average annual percent change were calculated. Over time, the prevalence of physical activity for leisure increased, and the prevalence of physical activity for transportation decreased. The highest prevalence of physical activity for leisure was observed among males, young individuals, and those with high education. Older adults, those with high education, and white people presented the lowest prevalence of active transport. Policymakers should propose strategies that encourage and facilitate physical activity for leisure in women, individuals aged ≥ 35 years, and those with less education (< 12 years), and physical activity for transportation among older adults (≥ 60 years), those with high education (≥ 12 years), and white people.

[Introduction of ultra-processed foods and associated factors among children under six months of age in the Southwest of the state of Bahia, Brazil]. / Introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças menores de seis meses no sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil.

The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors with the introduction of ultra-processed food (UPF) among children under six months of age living in the southwest of Bahia state. This is an excerpt from a prospective cohort study conducted with pairs of mothers/babies. The introduction of UPF was defined by the intake of at least one UPF before the age of six months. Socioeconomic, maternal, paternal, gestational, and child-related information was gathered by the application of questionnaires. To analyze the factors associated with the outcome, Poisson regression was performed according to a hierarchical model. P-value<0.05 and 95% confidence interval are considered. A total of 300 mother/baby pairs were evaluated. Before 6 months, 31.3% of children have already received UPF. With greater introduction of cookies/biscuits (23.3%) and yogurt (14.3%). The introduction of UPF before six months of age was higher among families with lower income (p=0.038), lower maternal education (p=0.031), lower maternal (p=0.017) and paternal (p=0.013) age, among children who had cow's milk <6 months (p<0.001) and tea <30 days (p=0.005). The results demonstrate the need for interventions aimed at reducing the introduction of UPF, especially for low-income families, with less education and among younger parents.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência e os fatores de risco para a introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) em crianças menores de seis meses residentes em um município do sudoeste da Bahia. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo coorte prospectiva realizado com duplas de mães/bebês. A introdução de AUP foi definida pela ingestão de pelo menos um AUP antes dos seis meses de vida. As informações socioeconômicas, maternas, paternas, gestacionais e relacionadas a criança foram obtidas por meio da aplicação de questionários. Para análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho foi realizada regressão de Poisson de acordo com um modelo hierárquico. Foram avaliadas 300 duplas de mães/bebês. Antes dos 6 meses, 31,3% das crianças já haviam recebido AUP. Houve maior frequência de introdução de bolacha/biscoito (23,3%) e petit suísse (14,3%). A introdução de AUP antes dos seis meses de vida foi maior entre famílias com menor renda (p=0,038), menor escolaridade materna (p=0,031), menor idade materna (p=0,017) e paterna (p=0,013), em criança que receberam leite de vaca antes dos 6 meses (p<0,001) e chá antes dos 30 dias (p=0,005). Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de intervenções voltadas para redução da introdução de AUP, principalmente para famílias de baixa renda, com menor grau de instrução e entre pais mais jovens.

Introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças menores de seis meses no sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil / Introduction of ultra-processed foods and associated factors among children under six months of age in the Southwest of the state of Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a frequência e os fatores de risco para a introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) em crianças menores de seis meses residentes em um município do sudoeste da Bahia. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo coorte prospectiva realizado com duplas de mães/bebês. A introdução de AUP foi definida pela ingestão de pelo menos um AUP antes dos seis meses de vida. As informações socioeconômicas, maternas, paternas, gestacionais e relacionadas a criança foram obtidas por meio da aplicação de questionários. Para análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho foi realizada regressão de Poisson de acordo com um modelo hierárquico. Foram avaliadas 300 duplas de mães/bebês. Antes dos 6 meses, 31,3% das crianças já haviam recebido AUP. Houve maior frequência de introdução de bolacha/biscoito (23,3%) e petit suísse (14,3%). A introdução de AUP antes dos seis meses de vida foi maior entre famílias com menor renda (p=0,038), menor escolaridade materna (p=0,031), menor idade materna (p=0,017) e paterna (p=0,013), em criança que receberam leite de vaca antes dos 6 meses (p<0,001) e chá antes dos 30 dias (p=0,005). Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de intervenções voltadas para redução da introdução de AUP, principalmente para famílias de baixa renda, com menor grau de instrução e entre pais mais jovens.

Abstract The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors with the introduction of ultra-processed food (UPF) among children under six months of age living in the southwest of Bahia state. This is an excerpt from a prospective cohort study conducted with pairs of mothers/babies. The introduction of UPF was defined by the intake of at least one UPF before the age of six months. Socioeconomic, maternal, paternal, gestational, and child-related information was gathered by the application of questionnaires. To analyze the factors associated with the outcome, Poisson regression was performed according to a hierarchical model. P-value<0.05 and 95% confidence interval are considered. A total of 300 mother/baby pairs were evaluated. Before 6 months, 31.3% of children have already received UPF. With greater introduction of cookies/biscuits (23.3%) and yogurt (14.3%). The introduction of UPF before six months of age was higher among families with lower income (p=0.038), lower maternal education (p=0.031), lower maternal (p=0.017) and paternal (p=0.013) age, among children who had cow's milk <6 months (p<0.001) and tea <30 days (p=0.005). The results demonstrate the need for interventions aimed at reducing the introduction of UPF, especially for low-income families, with less education and among younger parents.

Assessment of stress and associated factors in employees of a public higher education institution.

Introduction: Occupational stress is considered as the negative imbalance between work demands and resources, and it can generate consequences to an individual's health and interfere with his or her quality of life. Objectives: To investigate stress and its associated factors among employees of a higher education institution through a cross-sectional study (at the baseline of a longitudinal study) including 176 individuals aged 18 years or older. Sociodemographic characteristics related to physical surroundings, lifestyle, working conditions, and health and illness were tested as explanatory variables. Methods: Stress was estimated using prevalence rate, prevalence ratio (PR), and a 95% confidence interval. For a multivariate analysis, we employed a Poisson regression model with robust variance, where a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence of stress was 22.7% (16.48-28.98). This study noticed that depressive individuals, professors, and those who self-assessed their health as poor or very poor had a positive association with stress within the studied population. Conclusions: Studies of this type are important for identifying characteristics in this population that could contribute to the planning of public policies in order to improve the quality of life of employees of public institutions.

Introdução: O estresse ocupacional é considerado como o desequilíbrio negativo entre demandas de emprego e recursos de trabalho, podendo gerar consequências à saúde e interferir na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Objetivos: Investigar o estresse e os fatores associados em funcionários de uma instituição de ensino superior, através de um estudo transversal (linha de base de um estudo longitudinal) composto por 176 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais. Variáveis sociodemográficas relacionadas ao entorno físico, estilo de vida, condições de trabalho e saúde e doença foram testadas como explicativas. Métodos: Foi realizada uma estimativa do estresse através da prevalência, razão de prevalência e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Para a análise multivariada, foi adotada a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, sendo o valor de p ≤ 0,05 adotado como significativo. Resultados: A prevalência de estresse foi de 22,7% (16,48-28,98). O trabalho constatou que indivíduos depressivos, do grupo de docentes e aqueles que autoavaliaram sua saúde como ruim ou muito ruim apresentaram associação positiva com o estresse na população estudada. Conclusões: Pesquisas como esta são importantes para identificar características nessa população que podem contribuir com o planejamento de políticas públicas para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos funcionários da instituição pública.

Industry workers with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of self-reported adherence, and disease control

Abstract To evaluate the prevalence of self-reported drug adherence and factors associated, as well as clinical health outcomes, for industry workers with hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). This was a cross-sectional study of 137 Brazilian industry workers with HTN and/ or DM. Self-reported adherence was assessed, and the disease control was defined through blood pressure and capillary glycemia values. Data were descriptively analyzed and the factors associated with adherence were evaluated using the Poisson model with robust variance to calculate prevalence ratios. The prevalence of self-reported drug adherence was 79.6% and the prevalence of disease control was 53.8%. There was no statistically significant association between the two variables. In the controlled disease group, non-adherence was associated with being under 40 years of age, not having a partner, and having a risky alcohol consumption habit. In the uncontrolled disease group, adherence was highest for participants aged 40 years and older. The prevalence of self-reported drug adherence was high, but the prevalence of disease control was low and not associated with adherence, indicating that the self-reported adherence measure may be inaccurate. Our findings identify some factors that explain non-adherent behavior in the workforce.

Time trends of physical activity for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population: results from Vigitel, 2010-2019 / Tendências temporais da atividade física para lazer e transporte na população adulta brasileira: resultados do Vigitel, 2010-2019 / Tendencias temporales de la actividad física para el ocio y el transporte en la población adulta brasileña: resultados del Vigitel, 2010-2019

This time-series study examined a 10-year historical series of the physical activity prevalence for leisure and transportation in the Brazilian adult population. Information from 512,969 adults interviewed from the Vigitel between 2010 and 2019 was analyzed. Individuals who reported practicing at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity physical activity were considered active during leisure time. Individuals who reported walking or cycling to/from work, course, or school at least 30 minutes/day, equivalent to at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity physical activity, were considered active during transportation. The prevalence of physical activity for leisure and transportation was calculated annually and stratified by sex, age group, schooling, and race/skin color. The segmented regression model was applied to analyze the time series. Annual percent change and average annual percent change were calculated. Over time, the prevalence of physical activity for leisure increased, and the prevalence of physical activity for transportation decreased. The highest prevalence of physical activity for leisure was observed among males, young individuals, and those with high education. Older adults, those with high education, and white people presented the lowest prevalence of active transport. Policymakers should propose strategies that encourage and facilitate physical activity for leisure in women, individuals aged ≥ 35 years, and those with less education (< 12 years), and physical activity for transportation among older adults (≥ 60 years), those with high education (≥ 12 years), and white people.

Este estudo de série temporal analisou a prevalência de atividade física para lazer e transporte na população adulta brasileira em uma série histórica de uma década. Foram analisadas informações de 512.969 adultos entrevistados pelo Vigitel entre 2010 e 2019. Os indivíduos que relataram praticar pelo menos 150 minutos/semana de atividade física moderada ou pelo menos 75 minutos/semana de atividade física vigorosa foram considerados ativos durante seu lazer. Os indivíduos que relataram caminhar ou andar de bicicleta para/do trabalho, curso ou escola por pelo menos 30 minutos/dia (equivalente a pelo menos 150 minutos/semana de atividade física moderada) foram considerados ativos durante seu transporte. A prevalência de atividade física para lazer e transporte foi calculada anualmente e estratificada por sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade e cor da pele/raça. Modelo de regressão segmentada foi aplicado para analisar a série temporal. Foram calculadas as mudanças percentuais anuais e as mudanças médias anuais. Com o tempo, a prevalência de atividade física para o lazer aumentou e a prevalência de atividade física para o transporte diminuiu. A maior prevalência de atividade física para lazer foi observada entre homens, jovens e pessoas com Ensino Médio completo. Idosos, pessoas com Ensino Médio e brancos apresentaram a menor prevalência de transporte ativo. Formuladores de políticas devem propor estratégias que incentivem e facilitem a atividade física para o lazer em mulheres, indivíduos com idade ≥ 35 anos e pessoas com baixa escolaridade (< 12 anos), e atividade física para transporte entre idosos (≥ 60 anos), aqueles com Ensino Médio completo (≥ 12 anos) e pessoas brancas.

Este estudio de serie temporal analizó la prevalencia de la actividad física para el ocio y el transporte en la población adulta brasileña en una serie histórica de una década. Se analizaron las informaciones de 512.969 adultos, entrevistados por Vigitel entre 2010 y 2019. Las personas que informaron practicar al menos 150 minutos/semana de actividad física moderada o al menos 75 minutos/semana de actividad física vigorosa se consideraron activas durante su tiempo libre. Las personas que informaron caminar o andar en bicicleta al/desde el trabajo, curso o escuela por al menos 30 minutos/día (equivalente al menos a 150 minutos/semana de actividad física moderada) se consideraron activas durante su transporte. La prevalencia de la actividad física para el ocio y el transporte se calculó anualmente y se estratificó por sexo, grupo de edad, escolaridad y color de piel/raza. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión segmentada para analizar la serie temporal. Se calcularon las variaciones porcentuales anuales y las variaciones porcentuales medias anuales. Con el paso del tiempo, la prevalencia de la actividad física para el ocio tuvo un aumento y una reducción para el transporte. La mayor prevalencia de actividad física para el ocio se observó entre hombres, jóvenes y personas con educación secundaria. Los ancianos, las personas con educación secundaria y los blancos tuvieron una prevalencia más baja en el transporte activo. Los formuladores de políticas deben proponer estrategias de fomento a la actividad física para el ocio en mujeres, personas ≥ 35 años y personas con baja escolaridad (< 12 años), y la actividad física para el transporte entre los ancianos (≥ 60 años), aquellos con educación secundaria (≥ 12 años) y personas blancas.

[Periodic occupational examination: an opportunity for diagnosis and monitoring of chronic noncommunicable diseases in men]. / Exame ocupacional periódico: oportunidade de diagnóstico e monitoramento de doença crônica não transmissível em homens.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension as the principal marker of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and to identify associated modifiable factors in male workers. Baseline data were used from a longitudinal study with a sample of 1,024 male workers 18 years or older in a municipality in Northeast Brazil. The marker for NCDs was arterial hypertension, defined as systolic pressure ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 90mmHg and/or prior diagnosis of arterial hypertension and/or use of antihypertensive medication. Poisson regression with robust variance was used, adopting hierarchical entry of variables. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for the lifestyle variables to measure the impact of modifiable factors on workers' health. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.6% (95%CI: 25.9-31.5). Distal factors associated with hypertension were age > 40 years, black skin color, and family income ≥ 3 times the monthly minimum wage. Intermediate factors were alcohol abuse, smoking, high self-rated salt intake, and physical inactivity. Proximal factors were overweight and obesity. Calculation of PAFs showed that a reduction or elimination of unhealthy lifestyle habits and behaviors in this population group would reduce the prevalence of the target NCD, hypertension, by 56.1%. The identification of modifiable factors and the ways they can negatively impact male workers' health allows planning interventions in the workplace itself to reach the largest number of individuals, aimed at reducing the harmful effects of NCDs.

Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial, como principal marcador de doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT), e identificar os fatores modificáveis associados, em trabalhadores homens. Foram utilizados dados da linha de base de um estudo longitudinal com uma amostra de 1.024 trabalhadores homens com 18 anos ou mais de um município do Nordeste do Brasil. O marcador de DCNT foi a hipertensão arterial, definida por pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 90mmHg e/ou diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial e/ou uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Empregou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, adotando a entrada hierárquica de variáveis. Foram calculadas frações atribuíveis populacionais (FAP) para as variáveis de estilo de vida, a fim de dimensionar o impacto dos fatores modificáveis na saúde dos trabalhadores. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial nesta população foi de 28,6% (IC95%: 25,9-31,5), os fatores distais: idade > 40 anos, cor da pele preta e renda familiar ≥ 3 salários mínimos; fatores intermediários: consumo abusivo de álcool, consumo de tabaco, percepção de um consumo elevado de sal e inatividade física e o fator proximal: sobrepeso e obesidade associaram-se positivamente com a hipertensão arterial. O cálculo da FAP permitiu observar que se ocorresse a redução ou eliminação de hábitos e comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida deste público, reduziria em 56,1% a prevalência da DCNT estudada. A identificação de fatores modificáveis e como estes podem interferir negativamente na saúde de trabalhadores homens possibilita o planejamento de intervenções no próprio local de trabalho, a fim de alcançar o maior número de indivíduos, visando reduzir os efeitos deletérios das DCNT.

El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de hipertensão arterial, como principal marcador de enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECNT), así como identificar factores modificables asociados, en hombres trabajadores. Se utilizaron datos de la línea de base, procedentes de un estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 1.024 hombres trabajadores con 18 años o más de un municipio del Nordeste de Brasil. El marcador de ECNT fue la hipertensão arterial, definida por presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140mmHg y/o presión arterial diastólica ≥ 90mmHg y/o diagnóstico previo de hipertensão arterial y/o uso de medicamentos antihipertensivos. Se empleó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, adoptando la entrada jerárquica de variables. Se calcularon fracciones atribuibles poblacionales (FAP) en las variables de estilo de vida, a fin de dimensionar el impacto de los factores modificables en la salud de los trabajadores. La prevalencia de la hipertensão arterial en esta población fue de 28,6% (IC95%: 25,9-31,5), los factores distales: edad > 40 años, color de piel negra y renta familiar ≥ 3 salarios mínimos; factores intermedios: consumo abusivo de alcohol, consumo de tabaco, percepción de un consumo elevado de sal e inactividad física y el factor proximal: sobrepeso y obesidad se asociaron positivamente con la hipertensão arterial. El cálculo de la FAP permitió observar que, si se produjese una reducción o eliminación de hábitos y comportamientos relacionados con el estilo de vida de este público, se reduciría en un 56,1% la prevalencia de la ECNT estudiada. La identificación de factores modificables y cómo pueden interferir negativamente en la salud de hombres trabajadores posibilita la planificación de intervenciones en el propio lugar de trabajo, con el fin de alcanzar al mayor número de individuos para reducir los efectos mortíferos de las ECNT.

Quality of Actions to Control Cervical Cancer in Bahia, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of the actions to control cervical cancer (CC) and its correlates. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2019 in 19 municipalities in Bahia, Brazil, with a sample of 241 doctors and nurses from primary health care (PHC). Three dependent variables were chosen- "Performance of educational, promotion, prevention, and monitoring actions" (D1); "Access to diagnostic tests" (D2); "Non-occurrence of high grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL)" (D3). Poisson regression with robust variance was used, adopting hierarchical input variables to estimate the prevalence ratios and confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The following prevalence rates were found: D1  39.8% (95% CI: 33.8-46.2); D2  73.9% (95% CI: 67.9-79.1); and D3  46.4% (95% CI: 39.9-53.0). These dimensions remained associated with the dependent variables: D1- having professional training courses on the topic; consideration to ensure that collection takes place appropriately by a professional; and women having access to medical transport; D2- nurses treating low-grade lesions; D3- recording the Papanicolaou in electronic medical records; D1 and D2- professionals joining the service through public tender; D1 and D3- working in the PHC (≥ 2 years); D2 and D3- recording Papanicolaou in physical records; and performance of Papanicolaou by residents. CONCLUSION: Better trained professionals and professionals working in stable work arrangements are associated with comprehensive actions to control CC. Such strategies indicate that investments in work management result in a more organized PHC and more solution-centered work processes. Therefore, working in the PHC for a longer time and nurses performing more clinical actions (collection and treatment) are favored by such organizational actions. Investments in diagnostic support contribute to perceptions of more comprehensive actions to control CC. 
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Comparison of cardiovascular risk calculators in patients with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular risk stratification is an important clinical practice to estimate the severity of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to compare the stratification of global cardiovascular risk with the specific risk stratification for patients with type 2 diabetes, seen at specialized outpatient clinics, and to evaluate possible differences in diagnoses and treatments. METHODS: A total of 122 patients with type 2 diabetes treated at two specialized outpatient clinics, from 2017 to 2019, were studied. The cardiovascular risk stratification calculators, global risk score, Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator, and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine, were used to calculate the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. The agreement between these calculators was analyzed using the kappa index. The indications for the use of statins and acetylsalicylic acid for the group studied were evaluated according to the Brazilian Diabetes Society Guideline. RESULTS: There was a low degree of agreement among the three risk calculators. The global risk score calculator showed insignificant agreement with the Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator (kappa=0.0816; p=0.0671). There was no agreement between the global risk score calculator and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine (kappa=-0.099), or between the Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine (kappa=-0.0095). CONCLUSION: The substantial disagreements among the cardiovascular risk calculators may lead to different diagnoses and may consequently influence therapeutic strategies. The findings herein highlight the need for specific validated cardiovascular risk calculators for patients with DM2 that can reliably estimate risk in these individuals.

Evaluation of blood pressure through home monitoring in brazilian primary care: a feasibility study.

Blood pressure measurements taken in a clinical setting are subject to errors, therefore there are advantages to monitoring blood pressure at home, especially in in patients diagnosed with hypertension. The study describes the feasibility of home monitoring to assess blood pressure in primary care and compares blood pressure measured at home and during a medical consultation. This cross-sectional study was carried out with patients whose used home blood pressure in the morning and evening, thrice for seven consecutive day sat home. Participants included patients older than 18 years with suspected whitecoat hypertension, taking antihypertensives, or those intolerant of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and excluded patients who did not follow the protocol, suffered from an irregular heart rate, and pregnant women. Of the 134 patients who participated in the study, 63.3% had altered blood pressure when measured at health facilities and 48% had higher blood pressure at home. The mean difference between the methods was 10.1 mmHg for systolic and 4.3 mmHg for diastolic. The prevalence of whitecoat hypertension was 19.4%. Blood pressure monitoring at home is a practicable strategy in the Brazilian healthcare system.

Evaluation of blood pressure through home monitoring in brazilian primary care: a feasibility study / Avaliação da pressão arterial através da monitorização residencial na atenção básica brasileira: um estudo de viabilidade

Abstract Blood pressure measurements taken in a clinical setting are subject to errors, therefore there are advantages to monitoring blood pressure at home, especially in in patients diagnosed with hypertension. The study describes the feasibility of home monitoring to assess blood pressure in primary care and compares blood pressure measured at home and during a medical consultation. This cross-sectional study was carried out with patients whose used home blood pressure in the morning and evening, thrice for seven consecutive day sat home. Participants included patients older than 18 years with suspected whitecoat hypertension, taking antihypertensives, or those intolerant of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and excluded patients who did not follow the protocol, suffered from an irregular heart rate, and pregnant women. Of the 134 patients who participated in the study, 63.3% had altered blood pressure when measured at health facilities and 48% had higher blood pressure at home. The mean difference between the methods was 10.1 mmHg for systolic and 4.3 mmHg for diastolic. The prevalence of whitecoat hypertension was 19.4%. Blood pressure monitoring at home is a practicable strategy in the Brazilian healthcare system.

Resumo A medição da pressão arterial no consultório está sujeita a erros; assim, a monitorização residencial da pressão arterial é utilizada para o monitoramento e diagnóstico da hipertensão. Descrever a viabilidade da monitorização residencial para avaliar a pressão arterial na atenção primária e comparar os valores da pressão arterial através da monitorização residencial e medida de consultório. Estudo transversal realizado com pacientes que utilizaram a monitorização residencial pela manhã e pela noite, em triplicata por sete dias consecutivos em domicílio. Foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 18 anos, com suspeita de hipertensão do avental branco, utilizando anti-hipertensivos ou intolerantes a monitorização ambulatorial. Foram excluídos pacientes que não seguiram o protocolo, aqueles que apresentavam ritmo cardíaco irregular ou mulheres grávidas. 134 pacientes participaram do estudo, 63,3% apresentaram pressão arterial alteradas em consultório e 48% pela monitorização residencial. A diferença média dos métodos foi de 10,1 mmHg para sistólica e 4,3 mmHg para diastólica. A prevalência de hipertensão do avental branco foi 19,4%. A monitorização residencial da pressão arterial no sistema de saúde brasileiro provou ser uma estratégia viável.

Health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. / Utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes rurais quilombolas e não quilombolas do semiárido baiano, Brasil.

This article describes health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of Bahia. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gain a more in-depth understanding of the object of study. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted with 390 adolescents. Health service utilization was described using frequency distribution and 95% confidence intervals. Discussions were held with four focus groups, which were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. The most commonly reported usual place of care was the local family care center (70,0%) and 15,1% of the adolescents had sought health care in the last 15 days. The main reason for seeking care was illness (37,3%). The findings of the qualitative component of the study reveal multiple factors influencing access to services, including long waiting times, lack of prioritization of adolescent care and geographical barriers. Health services should attempt to get closer adolescents and provide care tailored to the specific needs of this group.

Este estudo descreve a utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes quilombolas e não quilombolas residentes em uma área rural do semiárido baiano. Métodos quantitativos e qualitativos foram utilizados para que se conseguisse uma maior aproximação com o objeto de análise. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 390 adolescentes. A utilização de serviços de saúde foi descrita por meio da distribuição de frequências e respectivos intervalos de confiança 95%. Formaram-se quatro grupos focais que foram transcritos e analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A Unidade de Saúde da Família foi relatada como o serviço comumente procurado para atendimento de necessidades de saúde (70,0%). A procura por serviços de saúde nos últimos 15 dias foi de 15,1% e o principal motivo foi por doença (37,3%). O componente qualitativo revelou múltiplos contextos que influenciaram no acesso aos serviços, como elevado tempo de espera, falta de priorização nos atendimentos e barreiras geográficas. Os serviços de saúde devem estar mais próximos dos adolescentes com um cuidado em saúde que considere as particularidades desse grupo.

Utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes rurais quilombolas e não quilombolas do semiárido baiano, Brasil / Health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo descreve a utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes quilombolas e não quilombolas residentes em uma área rural do semiárido baiano. Métodos quantitativos e qualitativos foram utilizados para que se conseguisse uma maior aproximação com o objeto de análise. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 390 adolescentes. A utilização de serviços de saúde foi descrita por meio da distribuição de frequências e respectivos intervalos de confiança 95%. Formaram-se quatro grupos focais que foram transcritos e analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A Unidade de Saúde da Família foi relatada como o serviço comumente procurado para atendimento de necessidades de saúde (70,0%). A procura por serviços de saúde nos últimos 15 dias foi de 15,1% e o principal motivo foi por doença (37,3%). O componente qualitativo revelou múltiplos contextos que influenciaram no acesso aos serviços, como elevado tempo de espera, falta de priorização nos atendimentos e barreiras geográficas. Os serviços de saúde devem estar mais próximos dos adolescentes com um cuidado em saúde que considere as particularidades desse grupo.

Abstract This article describes health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of Bahia. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gain a more in-depth understanding of the object of study. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted with 390 adolescents. Health service utilization was described using frequency distribution and 95% confidence intervals. Discussions were held with four focus groups, which were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. The most commonly reported usual place of care was the local family care center (70,0%) and 15,1% of the adolescents had sought health care in the last 15 days. The main reason for seeking care was illness (37,3%). The findings of the qualitative component of the study reveal multiple factors influencing access to services, including long waiting times, lack of prioritization of adolescent care and geographical barriers. Health services should attempt to get closer adolescents and provide care tailored to the specific needs of this group.

Exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of ultra-processed foods in the first year of life: a cohort study in southwest Bahia, Brazil, 2018. / Aleitamento materno exclusivo e introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados no primeiro ano de vida: estudo de coorte no sudoeste da Bahia, 2018.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze association between exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and the introduction of ultra-processed foods in children under 12 months old. METHODS: This was a Cohort study, conducted with children in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The main exposure was EBF (days: <120; 120-179; ≥180). The outcome variable was the introduction of four or more types of ultra-processed foods in the first year of life. Poisson regression analysis was used. RESULTS: 286 children were evaluated, of whom 40.2% received four or more ultra-processed foods and 48.9% EBF for less than 120 days. EBF for less than 120 days (RR=2.94 - 95%CI 1.51;5.71) and for 120-179 days (RR=2.17 - 95%CI 1.09;4.30) was associated with the outcome after adjustment by socioeconomic, maternal, paternal and child variables. CONCLUSION: EBF for less than 180 days increased the risk of introducing four or more ultra-processed foods in the first year of life.

Co-occurrence of health risk behaviors and the family context among Brazilian adolescents, National Survey of School Health (2015). / Coexistência de comportamentos de risco à saúde e o contexto familiar entre adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (2015).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the co-occurrence of risk behaviors (RB) and the family context in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 101,534 students from the 9th grade of elementary school in the National Survey of School Health - PeNSE 2015. The co-occurrence of RB was estimated by the sum of the presence of sedentary behavior, low fruit consumption, regular consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Prevalence was assessed using the Venn diagram and multivariate analysis by the ordinal logistic regression model of partial proportional odds. RESULTS: 8.8% of the adolescents did not have RB; 34.5% had one; 42.7% had two; and 14.1%, three or four. The most prevalent combinations were between sedentary behavior and low fruit consumption (33.8%); sedentary behavior with low fruit consumption and regular consumption of alcohol (9.5%). Those who were more likely to present co-occurrence had mothers with higher education level in all models, did not live with their fathers [0, 1 and 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1.21; 95%CI 1.07-1.37)], had parents who sometimes, never or rarely understood their problems and concerns [0, 1 and 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1.62; 95%CI 1.49-1.76)] and monitored their homework [0, 1 and 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.62-1.93)]; and had meals with parents or guardians <4 days/week for the three models. CONCLUSION: Health RB tend to cluster among Brazilian adolescents and are related to characteristics of the family context. These findings point to the need for health promotion actions focusing on simultaneity and not in isolation.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a coexistência de comportamentos de risco (CR) e o contexto familiar em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 101.534 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. A coexistência de CR foi estimada pelo somatório da presença de comportamento sedentário, baixo consumo de frutas e consumo regular de álcool e tabaco. A prevalência foi avaliada usando o diagrama de Venn e a análise multivariada por meio da regressão logística ordinal de chances parciais. RESULTADOS: 8,8% dos adolescentes não apresentaram CR; 34,5% tinham um; 42,7% tinham dois; e 14,1%, três ou quatro. As combinações mais prevalentes foram entre comportamento sedentário e baixo consumo de frutas (33,8%); e comportamento sedentário com baixo consumo de frutas e consumo regular de álcool (9,5%). Tiveram maior chance de coexistência aqueles que tinham mães com maiores escolaridades em todos os modelos, não morar com os pais [0, 1 e 2 vs. 3: (odds ratio - OR = 1,21; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,07 - 1,37)], ter pais que às vezes, nunca ou raramente entendiam seus problemas e preocupações [0, 1 e 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1,62; IC95% 1,49 - 1,76)] e acompanhavam o dever de casa [0, 1 e 2 vs. 3: (OR = 1,77; IC95% 1,62 - 1,93)]; e realizar refeições com os pais ou responsáveis < 4 dias/semana para os três modelos. CONCLUSÃO: Os CR relacionados à saúde tendem a se agrupar entre os adolescentes brasileiros e estão associados a características do contexto familiar. Esses achados apontam para a necessidade de ações de promoção de saúde com foco na simultaneidade, e não de forma isolada.

Comparison of cardiovascular risk calculators in patients with diabetes

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular risk stratification is an important clinical practice to estimate the severity of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to compare the stratification of global cardiovascular risk with the specific risk stratification for patients with type 2 diabetes, seen at specialized outpatient clinics, and to evaluate possible differences in diagnoses and treatments. METHODS: A total of 122 patients with type 2 diabetes treated at two specialized outpatient clinics, from 2017 to 2019, were studied. The cardiovascular risk stratification calculators, global risk score, Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator, and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine, were used to calculate the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. The agreement between these calculators was analyzed using the kappa index. The indications for the use of statins and acetylsalicylic acid for the group studied were evaluated according to the Brazilian Diabetes Society Guideline. RESULTS: There was a low degree of agreement among the three risk calculators. The global risk score calculator showed insignificant agreement with the Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator (kappa=0.0816; p=0.0671). There was no agreement between the global risk score calculator and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine (kappa=-0.099), or between the Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Calculator and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study-Risk Engine (kappa=-0.0095). CONCLUSION: The substantial disagreements among the cardiovascular risk calculators may lead to different diagnoses and may consequently influence therapeutic strategies. The findings herein highlight the need for specific validated cardiovascular risk calculators for patients with DM2 that can reliably estimate risk in these individuals.

Breastfeeding exclusive and the introduction of ultraprocessed foods in the first year of life: cohort study in southwest Bahia, Brazil, 2018 / Lactancia materna exclusiva e introducción de alimentos ultraprocesados en el primer año de vida: estudio de cohorte en el suroeste de Bahía, Brasil, 2018 / Aleitamento materno exclusivo e introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados no primeiro ano de vida: estudo de coorte no sudoeste da Bahia, 2018

Objective: To analyze the association between exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) on the introduction of ultra-processed foods in children under 12 months. Methods: Cohort study conducted with children in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The main exposure was EBF (days: <120; 120-179; ≥180). The outcome variable was the introduction of four or more types of ultra-processed in the first year of life. Poisson regression analysis was used. Results: 286 children were evaluated, of which 40.2% received four or more ultra-processed and 48.9% EBF for less than 120 days. EBF for less than 120 days (RR=2.94 ­ 95%CI 1.51;5.71) and for 120-179 days (RR=2.17 ­ 95%CI 1.09;4.30) were associated outcome after adjustment by socioeconomic, maternal, paternal and child variables. Conclusion: EBF for less than 180 days increased the risk of introducing four or more ultra-processed in the first year of life. Keywords: Breast Feeding; Infant Nutrition; Industrialized Foods; Longitudinal Studies.

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) na introdução de alimentos ultraprocessados em crianças menores de 12 meses. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, realizado com crianças de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. A exposição principal foi o AME (em dias: <120; 120-179; ≥180). A variável-desfecho do estudo foi a introdução de quatro ou mais tipos de ultraprocessados no primeiro ano de vida. Utilizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 286 crianças, das quais 40,2% receberam quatro ou mais ultraprocessados e 48,9% receberam AME por menos de 120 dias. O AME por menos de 120 dias (RR=2,94 ­ IC95% 1,51;5,71) e por 120-179 dias (RR=2,17 ­ IC95% 1,09;4,30) associou-se ao desfecho após ajuste pelas variáveis socioeconômicas, maternas, paternas e da criança. Conclusão: O AME por menos de 180 dias aumentou o risco de introdução de quatro ou mais alimentos ultraprocessados no primeiro ano de vida.

Monitoring of cervical cancer control actions and associated factors / Monitoreo de las acciones de control para el cáncer cervical y factores asociados / Monitoramento das ações de controle do câncer cervicouterino e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze factors associated with the monitoring of actions to control cervical cancer in the Family Health Strategy, in a health region of northeastern Brazil. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2019 by means of interviews with 241 physicians and nurses from the Family Health Teams of the Vitória da Conquista health region, Bahia, Brazil. Adequate monitoring was assessed by the degree of actions taken to promote, prevent and actively seek to control cervical cancer. Three blocks of variables were tested as explanatory: professional characterization and training; organization of the unit and access to cytopathological exam; and care coordination and integration. Poisson regression with robust variance was employed, adopting hierarchical entry of variables. Results: 51.9% (95% CI: 45.5-58.2) of the professionals performed adequate monitoring for the control of cervical cancer. Being a nurse, working in the municipality's primary care network (≥2 years), disclosure of results collection through posters and other communication means, existence of a high-grade lesion, time to perform the biopsy ≤1 month, and agility in the release of the reports were elements associated to the outcome. Conclusion: even with the extended coverage of the Family Health Strategy, small municipalities in the Northeast have characteristics that impose obstacles to comprehensiveness, favoring the incidence of high-grade lesions and greater difficulty in the control of cervical cancer. Assessing the assistance quality in this level revealed challenges in the regionalized network.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar factores asociados al monitoreo de las acciones para el control del cáncer cervical en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, en una región de salud del noreste de Brasil. Método: estudio transversal realizado entre enero y marzo de 2019, por medio de entrevistas con 241 médicos y enfermeros de los Equipos de Salud de la Familia de la región de salud de Vitória da Conquista, Bahía, Brasil. El monitoreo adecuado se evaluó por medio del grado en el que se realizaron acciones de promoción, prevención y búsqueda activa para el control del cáncer cervical. Se probaron tres bloques de variables como explicativos: caracterización y capacitación profesional; organización de la unidad y acceso al examen citopatológico; y coordinación de la atención e integración asistencial. Se usó regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, adoptando entrada jerárquica de variables. Resultados: 51,9% (IC 95%: 45,5-58,2) de los profesionales realizaban un monitoreo adecuado para el control del cáncer cervical. Ser enfermero, desempeñarse en el sector de atención primaria del municipio (≥2 anos), la exposición de los resultados de los exámenes a través de posters y otros medios de comunicación, la existencia de lesiones de alto grado, el tiempo para realizar la biopsia ≤1 mes, y la agilidad en la emisión de los informes fueron elementos asociados al resultado. Conclusión: incluso con extensa cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, los municipios pequeños del noreste acumulan características que imponen obstáculos a la integralidad, lo que favorece la incidencia de lesiones de alto grado y mayor dificultad para controlar el cáncer cervical. Evaluar la calidad de la asistencia en este nivel dejó al descubierto desafíos en la red regionalizada.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar fatores associados ao monitoramento das ações para controle do câncer cervicouterino na Estratégia Saúde da Família, em região de saúde do Nordeste brasileiro. Método: estudo transversal realizado de janeiro a março de 2019, por meio de entrevistas com 241 médicos e enfermeiros das Equipes de Saúde da Família da região de saúde de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. O monitoramento adequado foi mensurado pelo grau de realização de ações de promoção, prevenção e busca ativa para controle do câncer cervicouterino. Três blocos de variáveis foram testados como explicativos: caracterização e capacitação profissional; organização da unidade e acesso ao citopatológico; e coordenação do cuidado e integração assistencial. Empregou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, adotando a entrada hierárquica de variáveis. Resultados: 51,9% (IC95%: 45,5-58,2) dos profissionais realizavam monitoramento adequado para controle do câncer cervicouterino. Ser enfermeiro, atuar na atenção primária do município (≥2 anos), divulgação da coleta por cartazes e outros veículos de comunicação, existência de lesão de alto grau, tempo de realização da biópsia ≤1 mês e agilidade na liberação dos laudos foram elementos associados ao desfecho. Conclusão: mesmo com alta cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família, municípios de pequeno porte do Nordeste acumulam características que conferem obstáculos à integralidade, favorecendo a incidência de lesão de alto grau e maior dificuldade de controle do câncer cervicouterino. Avaliar a qualidade da assistência nesse nível revelou desafios em rede regionalizada.

Análise temporal da incidência de HIV/aids em idosos no período de 2007 a 2020 / Temporal analysis of the incidence of HIV/AIDS in older people from 2007 to 2020

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal da taxa de incidência de casos novos de HIV/aids em idosos, de 2007 a 2020, no estado da Bahia, na Região Nordeste e no Brasil. Métodos Estudo ecológico de séries temporais com uso de dados secundários, no período de 2007 a 2020, em população de idosos. Foram realizados cálculos da taxa de incidência de HIV/aids e distribuição de frequências das características sociodemográficas e categorias de exposição. Modelos de regressão linear simples foram estimados para análise de tendência e calculada a variação percentual anual (VPA). Resultados No Brasil, no período estudado, observou-se estabilidade na tendência da taxa de incidência de HIV/aids para o geral e para ambos os sexos. No Nordeste, houve aumento para o geral (VPA=6,4%), para o sexo masculino (VPA=6,9%) e feminino (VPA=6,5%). Na Bahia houve aumento para o geral (VPA=7,4%) e sexo masculino (VPA=7,4%), e estabilidade para sexo feminino. Maiores proporções de casos novos foram em idosos de 60 a 69 anos, no sexo masculino, em brancos (Brasil), negros (Nordeste e Bahia), baixa escolaridade e categoria de exposição heterossexual. Conclusão Deve-se atentar ao aumento de casos em indivíduos na terceira idade buscando desmistificar tabus a respeito da sexualidade dos idosos, a fim de promover adoção de medidas de promoção de saúde que visem à diminuição da transmissão do vírus.

Abstract Objective To analyze the temporal trend of the incidence rate of new HIV/AIDS cases in the old-aged, from 2007 to 2020, in the state of Bahia, in the Northeast Region and in Brazil. Methods Ecological time series study, using secondary data from 2007 to 2020 in an elderly population. Calculations of the HIV/AIDS incidence rate and frequency distribution of sociodemographic characteristics and exposure categories were performed. Simple linear regression models were estimated for trend analysis and calculated by the annual percentage change (APC). Results In Brazil, during the study period, there was stability in the trend of the HIV/AIDS incidence rate for the general population and for both sexes. In the Northeast there was an increase for the general (APC=6.4%), for males (APC=6.9%) and females (APC=6.5%). In Bahia, there was an increase for the general (APC=7.4%) and male sex (APC=7.4%), and stability for females. Higher proportions of new cases in the elderly were observed in males, whites (Brazil), blacks (Northeast and Bahia), low education and heterosexual exposure category. Conclusion Attention should be paid to the increase in cases in individuals in the third age seeking to demystify taboos about the sexuality of the elderly in order to promote the adoption of health promotion measures, aiming at reducing the transmission of the virus.